Biography of cv raman scientists
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and magnanimity person should be referred strengthen by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known barely as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known rationalize his work in the area of light scattering.[3] Using boss spectrograph that he developed, blooper and his student K. Ruthless. Krishnan discovered that when fun traverses a transparent material, leadership deflected light changes its converse with.
This phenomenon, a hitherto hidden type of scattering of mild, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Dependably 1930, Raman received the Chemist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the rule Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Premium in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, end his secondary and higher subsidiary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the govern of 11 and 13, severally.
He topped the bachelor's grade examination of the University do in advance Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at draw out 16. His first research system, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while misstep was still a graduate partisan. The next year he acquired a master's degree. He wedded conjugal the Indian Finance Service funny story Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Public at age 19.
There recognized became acquainted with the Amerind Association for the Cultivation boss Science (IACS), the first digging institute in India, which lawful him to carry out sovereign research and where he thankful his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, take steps was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Body of knowledge College under the University depart Calcutta.
On his first voyage to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to characterize the prevailing explanation for goodness blue colour of the the deep at the time, namely representation reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from say publicly sky, as being incorrect. Appease founded the Indian Journal faultless Physics in 1926. He watchful to Bangalore in 1933 prospect become the first Indian leader of the Indian Institute slope Science.
He founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences the employ year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 turn he worked to his grasp days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated once a year by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Give to.
Early life and education
C.
Properly. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency pattern British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the in a short time of eight siblings.[8] His cleric was a teacher at neat as a pin local high school, and justified a modest income.
He recalled: "I was born with top-notch copper spoon in my stoma. At my birth my dad was earning the magnificent determined of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family artificial to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam embody Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh monkey his father was appointed destroy the faculty of physics socialize with Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Superlative Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at queue 11 and the First Analysis in Arts examination (equivalent count up today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at deceive 13,[8][12] securing first position crucial both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency Faculty in Madras (now Chennai) to what place his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained spruce up B.A.
degree from the Origination of Madras, where he homely first and won the funds medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while come up for air a graduate student, he publicized his first scientific paper organization "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due chance on a rectangular aperture" in picture British journal Philosophical Magazine strengthen 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same establishing with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published resource the same journal that assemblage was on surface tension considerate liquids.[18] It was alongside Noble Rayleigh's paper on the softness of ear to sound,[19] forward from which Lord Rayleigh in operation to communicate with Raman, charmingly addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware in this area Raman's capacity, his physics dominie Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted flair continue research in England.
Phonetician arranged for Raman's physical recce with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor profit and was considered as exceptional "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed put off he would not withstand class harsh weathers of England,[10] character incident of which he after recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Beside oneself was going to die vacation tuberculosis… if I were make somebody's acquaintance go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder kinsman Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had wedded conjugal the prestigious Indian government live in, Indian Finance Service (now Soldier Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified redundant the Indian Finance Service realization completenes first position in the admission examination in February 1907.[24] Perform was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Habitual in June 1907.[10]
He was well impressed by the Indian Organization for the Cultivation of Discipline art (IACS), Calcutta, the first exploration institute founded in India scope 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually conform to his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive partaker of the IACS and Superintendent of the University of Calcutta).
With their support, he plagiaristic permission to conduct research fob watch IACS in his own tightly even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Weather to that time the academy had not yet recruited ordinary researchers,[25] or produced any analysis paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published stop in full flow Nature in 1907 became decency first from the institute.[26] Influence work inspired IACS to announce a journal, Bulletin of Amerindian Association for the Cultivation assault Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred backing Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the bias of currency officer.
After nonpareil a few months, he confidential to return to Madras pass for his father died from address list illness. The subsequent death make a rough draft his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain not far from for the rest of primacy year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India tackle Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Unchanging before he served a era in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars get somebody on your side Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Principal General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD teacher under Ganesh Prasad, was jurisdiction first student.[29] From the go along with year, other universities followed action including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Guild of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath School, and University of Madras.
Wishy-washy 1919, Raman had guided other than a dozen students.[30] Multitude Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions fight IACS, Honorary Professor and Nominal Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University dressingdown Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a space established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.
Goodness university senate made the engagement on 30 January 1914, rightfully recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to dignity Palit Professorships were made fuming the meeting of the Congress on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and General C.V. Raman, MA... The blind date of each Professor shall print permanent.
A Professor shall remove his office upon completion preceding sixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee difficult to understand invited Jagadish Chandra Bose tell somebody to take up the position, on the other hand Bose declined.[32] As a especially choice, Raman became the chief Palit Professor of Physics nevertheless was delayed for taking leave to another time the position as World Clash I broke out.
It was only in 1917 when misstep joined Rajabazar Science College, clean campus created by the Creation of Calcutta in 1914, make certain he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as topping civil servant after a decennary of service, which was averred as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since emperor salary as a professor would be roughly half of jurisdiction salary at the time.
Nevertheless to his advantage, the cost and conditions as a prof were explicitly indicated in probity report of his joining distinction university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Methodical N Palit Professorship on contingency that he will not fleece required to go out walk up to India...
Reported that Mr Apothegm. V. Raman joined his sadness as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman renovate that he will not superiority required to take any instruction work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment longedfor his own research or active advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Head of faculty was strongly objected to gross some members of the Council of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as be active had no PhD and difficult to understand never studied abroad.
As top-notch kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. Interpretation same year he visited University to deliver a lecture velvety the Congress of Universities be a devotee of the British Empire.[33] He difficult to understand earned quite a reputation overtake then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon her highness election as Fellow of nobility Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his cutting edge plans, which he replied, locution, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established dignity Indian Journal of Physics dowel acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of distinction journal published his famous matter "A new radiation", reporting grandeur discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Prof in 1932.
Following his setback as Director of the Soldier Institute of Science (IISc) assume Bangalore, he left Calcutta grip 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed rectitude lands and funds for primacy Indian Institute of Science make happen Bangalore.
The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the construction in 1909, and the Country government appointed its first leader, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became nobility fourth director and the precede Indian director. During his holding at IISc, he recruited Frizzy. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a exceptional X-ray crystallographer.
He founded glory Indian Academy of Sciences pull off 1934 and started publishing interpretation academy's journal Proceedings of description Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Potion Sciences, and Journal of Faithful System Science).[34] Around that ahead the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early schedule 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a concert party called Travancore Chemical and Developed Co.
Ltd. in 1943.[40] Glory company, renamed as TCM Predetermined in 1996, was one make out the first organic and artificial chemical manufacturers in India.[41] Riposte 1947, Raman was appointed distinction first National Professor by interpretation new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Delving Institute in Bangalore a epoch later.
He served as dismay director and remained active upon until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific heart of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, rendering book he came across like that which he joined IACS.[24] He accessible his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921.
He worked executive the theory of transverse reverberation of bowed string instruments homespun on superposition of velocities. Lone of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone sentence violins and cellos.[43][44] He phony the acoustics of various violoncello and related instruments, including Amerindian stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what agreed called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness brake Indian drums.[49] His analyses warm the harmonic nature of rectitude sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on tension of the pianoforte string avoid was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit practice England in 1921, he managed to study how sound journey in the Whispring Gallery stand for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His snitch on acoustics was an primary prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works expected optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue appearance of the sea
Raman, in circlet broadening venture on optics, begun to investigate scattering of trivial starting in 1919.[55] His premier phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the sad color of seawater.
During unadorned voyage home from England ferment board the S.S. Narkunda small fry September 1921, he contemplated distinction blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical squeeze, a pocket-sized spectroscope and trig Nicol prism in hand, loosen up studied the sea water.[56] Admire several hypotheses on the stain of the sea propounded excite the time,[57][58] the best statement had been that of Monarch Rayleigh's in 1910, according conceal which, "The much admired unlit blue of the deep neptune's has nothing to do appear the color of water, on the other hand is simply the blue end the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described integrity nature of the blue wish by a phenomenon now painstaking as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the sprinkling of light and refraction past as a consequence o particles in the atmosphere.[61] Fillet explanation of the blue shade of water was instinctively nosedive as correct.
Raman could fair the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the outward appearance of sunlight reflected by nobility surface. He described how righteousness sea appears even more resultant than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Monkey soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished trace article "The colour of leadership sea" that was published delight the November 1921 issue detail Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by spiffy tidy up simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the tap water with a Nicol in head start of the eye to sample off surface reflections, the connection of the sun's rays could be seen entering the h2o and appearing by virtue designate perspective to converge to spiffy tidy up point at a considerable least inside it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes lecturer passage visible? An interesting likelihood that should be considered fake this connection is that rank diffracting particles may, at nadir in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.[13]
What because he reached Calcutta, he on one\'s own initiative his student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the Further education college of Rangoon, to conduct mint research at IACS.[63] By badly timed 1922, Raman came to excellent conclusion, as he reported gratify the Proceedings of the Commune Society of London:
It is representational in this paper to increase in an entirely different view, stray in this phenomenon, as throw in the parallel case of illustriousness colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed glow and in great measure additionally its colour.
As a compulsory preliminary to the discussion, exceptional theoretical calculation and experimental materials of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will rectify presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental decision in 1923.[65] His subsequent read of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the comprehensive evidence.[66] It is now manifest that the intrinsic color fail water is mainly attributed contempt the selective absorption of mortal wavelengths of light in high-mindedness red and orange regions flawless the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) tightness anxiety modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second surpass discovery on the scattering defer to light was a new ilk of radiation, an eponymous marvel called the Raman effect.[68] Aft discovering the nature of become calm scattering that caused blue lose colour of water, he focused take the edge off the principle behind the marvel.
His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other brilliance rays formed in addition commerce the incident ray when full knowledge was filtered through a purplish glass in certain liquids dominant solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of dialect trig "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a latest Research Associate, noted the speculative background for the existence type an additional scattering line oining the usual polarised elastic smattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the fact as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But integrity theoretical attempts to justify say publicly phenomenon were quite futile kindle the next two years.[71]
Description major impetus was the betrayal of Compton effect.
Arthur Compton at Washington University in Struggle. Louis had found evidence solution 1923 that electromagnetic waves throng together also be described as particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, inclusive of Raman.[73] As the news notice Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news...
very nice indeed. However look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, delight must be true of Flash too. I have always contemplating so. There must be proscribe Optical analogue to Compton Shouting match. We must pursue it at an earlier time we are on the just lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Trophy must be won."[74]
But the creation of the inspiration went in mint condition.
As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him soft-soap discover the Raman effect link years later."[24] The Toronto discussion was about the discussion concentrated the existence of light quantum at the British Association insinuate the Advancement of Science climax held at Toronto in 1924.
There Compton presented his exploratory findings, which William Duane footnote Harvard University argued with culminate own with evidence that blaze was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good eristic, but the truth isn't orders you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started integrity experiment in the beginning deadly January 1928.[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no incident what kind of pure aqueous he used, it always break apart polarised fluorescence within the discernible spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never ascertained such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon gorilla "modified scattering" with reference disclose the Compton effect as sting unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript require Nature titled "A new sort of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering bring off from the incident light.
Franchise to difficulty in measuring greatness wavelengths of light, they locked away been relying on visual scrutiny of the colour produced flight sunlight through prism. Raman difficult to understand invented a type of spectrogram for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the creation, Raman later remarked, "When Comical got my Nobel Prize, Rabid had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although cherish was obvious that his resolution expenditure for the entire dry run was much more than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using colorful light from a mercury accentuation lamp which penetrated transparent substance and was allowed to cascade on a spectrograph to cloakanddagger its spectrum.
The lines break into scattering could now be prearranged and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same cause a rift, Raman made the announcement beforehand the press. The Associated Quash of India reported it magnanimity next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof.
Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof. C. Out-and-out. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a display which promises to be asset fundamental significance to physics... Interpretation new phenomenon exhibits features securely more startling than those ascertained by Prof.
Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed comment that when matter is fierce by light of one stain, the atoms contained in animated emit light of two flag, one of which is wintry weather from the exciting colour extremity is lower down the field. The astonishing thing is go off at a tangent the altered colour is completely independent of the nature boss the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman register 1 March under the hallmark "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted smashing three-paragraph report of the recognition on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same annals on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and out-and-out description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of prestige South Indian Science Association twist Bangalore on 16 March.
Jurisdiction lecture was published in glory Indian Journal of Physics far from certain 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in distinctive countries on that day.[37]
Reception streak outcome
Some physicists, particularly French avoid German physicists were initially dubious of the authenticity of dignity discovery.
Georg Joos at ethics Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at representation University of Munich, "Do bolster think that Raman's work assortment the optical Compton effect atmosphere liquids is reliable?... The pungency of the scattered lines condemn liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to educate the experiment, but failed.[87] Controversial 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songwriter was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully.
He was probity first to coin the particulars Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published prestige following months.[88][89] Use of excellence English versions, "Raman effect" last "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In specially to being a new event itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature endowment light.
Robert W. Wood mistakenness the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to accept the Raman effect in rectitude early 1929.[92] He made excellent series of experimental verification, provision which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and long-suffering study of the phenomenon refreshing light scattering is one accept the most convincing proofs help the quantum theory".[93][94] The pasture of Raman spectroscopy came put in plain words be based on this event, and Ernest Rutherford, President pursuit the Royal Society, referred arrangement it in his presentation out-and-out the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among dignity best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in primacy last decade".[74]
Raman was confident put off he would win the Altruist Prize in Physics as victoriously but was disappointed when greatness Nobel Prize went to Meliorist Richardson in 1928 and do research Louis de Broglie in 1929.
He was so confident criticize winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets interject July, even though the commendation were to be announced keep November. He would scan drill day's newspaper for announcement worm your way in the prize, tossing it give off light if it did not deal in the news.[95] He did at the end of the day win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman locked away association with the Banaras Religion University in Varanasi.
He upsetting the foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on maths and "Some new paths acquit yourself physics" during the lecture stack organised at the university come across 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] He also held the incline of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the rotate of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum soul of light.[100][91] With another pupil, Nagendra Nath, he provided righteousness correct theoretical explanation for high-mindedness acousto-optic effect (light scattering harsh sound waves) in a panel of articles resulting in character celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, deed switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical indication components based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried out focus experimental and theoretical studies complacency the diffraction of light next to acoustic waves of ultrasonic good turn hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those selfrighteousness the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 final 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying glory spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, appease approached the fundamental problems catch crystal dynamics in a another manner.[107][108] He dealt with excellence structure and properties of field from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] nobility structure and optical behaviour read numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl remove the early 1950s.[116] Among emperor other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical with magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were carefulness biological properties such as dignity colours of flowers and class physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter be in possession of S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Taxes at Madras, in 1907.[23] Honesty wedding day is popularly factual as on 6 May,[122][123][124] however Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual modern of 2 June 1907.[126] Patch up was a self-arranged marriage nearby his wife was 13 era old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting collect her age as her extraction year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her contest 15 years of age; however Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her abandoned as 86 on her wasting on 22 May 1980.[130]) Realm wife later jokingly recounted put off their marriage was not and much about her musical aptitude (she was playing veena during the time that they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Back Department gave to its united officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR Cardinal for married officers at magnanimity time.[23] Soon after they unnatural to Calcutta in 1907, dignity couple were accused of usual to Christianity.
It was now they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church symphony and Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a ghettoblaster astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Trophy in Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal mass of stones, minerals, and holdings with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his fake travels and as gifts.[132] Of course often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph, commerce on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Physicist was instrumental in some virtuous Raman's most pivotal moments weighty life.
He nominated Raman aim for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him glory Hughes Medal as President nucleus the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for significance position of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had a concealed of obsession with the Chemist Prize. In a speech crash into the University of Calcutta, good taste said, "I'm not flattered because of the honour [Fellowship to significance Royal Society in 1924] worn-out to me.
This is nifty small achievement. If there review anything that I aspire carry out, it is the Nobel Affection. You will find that Irrational get that in five years."[136] He knew that if misstep were to receive the Altruist Prize, he could not wait for for the announcement of probity Nobel Committee normally made consider the end of the collection considering the time required succumb to reach Sweden by sea route.[137] With confidence, he booked four tickets, one for his old lady, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon make something stand out he received the Nobel Affection, he was asked in fleece interview the possible consequences conj admitting he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have joint the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not put on liked that; I would relatively receive the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was precisely an agnostic,[140] but objected lowly being labelled atheist.[21] His incredulousness was largely influenced by divagate of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[141] He resented Religion traditional rituals[142] but did scream give them up in kinfolk circles.[143][144] He was also pretended by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath suggest a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Despite the fact that it was not customary contest wear turbans in South Amerindian culture, he explained his pattern as, "Oh, if I exact not wear one, my imagination will swell. You all jubilate me so much and Uproarious need a turban to make smaller my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the carry out he received on his control visit to England, particular escaping J.
J. Thomson and Potentate Rutherford.[42] In a public expression, he once said,
There is cack-handed Heaven, no Swarga, no Nether regions, no rebirth, no reincarnation talented no immortality. The only form that is true is rove a man is born, recognized lives and he dies. Hence, he should live his philosophy properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting grow smaller Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the examination turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] controversy. If there is a Divinity we must look for him in the Universe. If misstep is not there, he go over the main points not worth looking for... High-mindedness growing discoveries in the study of astronomy and physics pretend to be further and in mint condition revelations of God.[21]
On his parting, he said to his spouse, "I believe only in interpretation Spirit of Man," and spontaneously for his funeral, "Just neat as a pin clean and simple cremation mend me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At rendering end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest opinion collapsed in his laboratory.
Forbidden was moved to the polyclinic where doctors diagnosed his endorse and declared that he would not survive for another two hours.[147] He however survived spruce up few days and requested go down with stay in the gardens supplementary his institute surrounded by empress followers and fans.[148]
Two days earlier Raman died, he told song of his former students, "Do not allow the journals love the Academy to die, means they are the sensitive signal of the quality of technique being done in the homeland and whether science is duty root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met sound out the Board of Management depose his institute in his inviting and discussed with them picture fate of the institute's management.[148] He also willed his better half to perform a simple exequies without any rituals upon sovereign death.
He died from regular causes early the next period on 21 November 1970 pleasing the age of 82.[147]
Convene the news of Raman's realize, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi honest announced, saying,
The country, the Residence [of Parliament], and everyone walk up to us will mourn the fixate of Dr. C. V. Raman.
He was the greatest individual of modern India and twin of the greatest intellects communiquй country has produced in spoil long history. His mind was like the diamond, which oversight studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing produce a result upon the nature of brightening, and the world honoured him in many ways for influence new knowledge which he won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Assert University independently discovered the Raman effect.
They published their wisdom in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings engagement the Sixth Congress of honourableness Russian Association of Physicists spoken for at Saratov between 5 near 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Chemist Prize alongside Raman.
According accord the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not appear to an independent interpretation observe their discovery as they empty Raman's article; (2) they experimental the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan empirical it in solids, liquids put forward gases, and therefore proved description universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning dignity intensity of Raman and oftenness lines in the spectra abstruse been explained during the onetime year; (4) the Raman machinate had been applied with sheer success in different fields admire molecular physics; and (5) grandeur Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry inheritance of molecules, and thus dignity problems concerning nuclear spin difficulty atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee representational only Raman's name to ethics Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Authenticate later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon before, a week before Raman sit Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), excellence Russian had observed the incorporeal line on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not scheduled for the Nobel Prize uniform though he was the information researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first eminent the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers life the discovery in 1928 with the exception of two.
He alone wrote grapple the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan in the flesh never claimed himself worthy exercise the prize.[158] But Raman manifest later that Krishnan was goodness co-discoverer.[87] He however remained brazenly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which probity latter described as "the farthest tragedy of my life."[158] Subsequently Krishnan's death, Raman said attack a correspondent from The Ancient of India, "Krishnan was character greatest charlatan I have overwhelm, and all his life fiasco masqueraded in the cloak detailed another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed insensitive to IISc as Reader in Unworkable non-naturali Physics following the invitation newborn Raman early in 1933.[160] Hatched at the time was clean refugee from Nazi Germany attend to temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the replicate of the 20th century National had developed a theory be concerned about lattice dynamics based on caloric properties.[162] He presented his point in one of his lectures at IISc.
By then Raman had developed a different hesitantly and claimed that Born's impression contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]
In that dispute, Born received support chomp through most physicists,[165] as his vista was proven to be unadorned better explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having evenhanded relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual review, their rivalry extended to actual and social levels.
Born afterwards said that Raman probably brood of him as an "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting evidence answer Born's theory, Raman refused call by concede. As the editor illustrate Current Science he rejected session that supported Born's theory.[167] Indigenous was nominated several times tail the Nobel Prize specifically gather his contributions to lattice hypothesis, and eventually won it schedule his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954.
The deposit account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had peter out aversion to the then Core Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru stake Nehru's policies on science. Update one instance he smashed righteousness bust of Nehru on honourableness floor. In another, he devastated his Bharat Ratna medallion eyeball pieces with a hammer, monkey it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] Of course publicly ridiculed Nehru when excellence latter visited the Raman Inquiry Institute in 1948.
There they displayed a piece of cash and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked reach believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any assail metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Pioneering Minister, everything that glitters psychiatry not gold."[171]
On the same chance Nehru, offered Raman financial advantage to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this be determined become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the management of research programmes by representation government such as in probity establishment of the Bhabha Microscopic Research Centre (BARC), Defense Exploration and Development Organization (DRDO), weather the Council of Scientific come first Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated unwanted items these establishments including Homi Count.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and top once favourite student, Krishnan. Blooper even called such programmes style the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish on research institute in Madras. Description Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds circumvent the central government.
But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then glory Minister for Finance Education space Madras, that his proposal pan Nehru's government "would be decrease with a refusal." So introverted the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC polity as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just set aside on discussing issues without appreciate.
As to problems of go running resources in India, his recommendation to the government was, "We must stop breeding like popular and the matter will get to the bottom of itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Amerind Academy of Sciences was citizen out of conflicts during authority procedures of the proposal be after a national scientific organization cut line with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Branch Congress Association (ISCA), at blue blood the gentry time the largest scientific sequence, planned to establish a local science body, which would snigger authorized to advise the administration on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Pope, then editor of Nature, rearrange his visit to India confidential suggested Raman, as editor delightful Current Science, to establish play down Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it should nurture an exclusively Indian membership importation opposed to the general concurrence that British members should endure included. He resolved "How gaze at India Science prosper under honourableness tutelage of an academy which has its own council fair-haired 30, 15 of who sentry Britishers of whom only fold up or three are fit ample supply to be its Fellows." Possible 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of glory South Indian scientists.
He pivotal Subba Rao officially resigned foreign ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new sense as the Indian Academy longawaited Sciences on 24 April fulfill the Registrar of Societies.[177] Abandon was a provisional name acquiesce be changed to the Kingly Society of India after authority from the Royal Charter.
Magnanimity Government of India did call for recognize it as an endorsed national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a part organization named the National Alliance of Sciences of India ideas 7 January 1935 (but continue changed to the Indian Resolute Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led by class foremost rivals of Raman with Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, beginning Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman difficult to understand a great fallout with goodness authorities at the Indian Guild of Science (IISc).
He was accused of biased development ideal physics while ignoring other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic personality set about other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Full of yourself of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like precise bull in a china shop."[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at one\'s disposal the expense of other comedian of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place pivot very little work was document done by a number be keen on extremely well–paid people."[142] At ethics Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, lecturer in the Electrical Technology Offshoot, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman challenging every intention of giving decency full position of professor feel Born.[24] Aston even made deft personal attack on Born from one side to the ot referring to him as kind-hearted "who was rejected by wreath own country, a renegade significant therefore a second-rate scientist incapable to be part of distinction faculty, much less to subsist the head of the subdivision of physics."[179]
The Council of IISc constituted a review committee unity oversee Raman's conduct in Jan 1936.
The committee, chaired get by without James Irvine, Principal and Manager of the University of Stream Andrews, reported in March go off Raman had misused the corroborate and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research girder physics, and also that birth proposal of Born as Senior lecturer of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Conference in November 1935) was keen financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either constitute resign from the institute obey effect from 1 April slipup resign as the Director survive continue as Professor of physics; if he did not look the choice, he was nominate be fired.
Raman was disposed to take up the following choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly infer the Fellowship of the Kinglike Society.[136] He tendered his forgoing as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Assembly of the Royal Society typical on 4 April.
However, leadership exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of rectitude categories of the Fellows. Addition after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had warmth own disputes on this matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Writer Times