Pushkin biography
Biography
Date and place of birth: June 6, 1799, Moscow
Date and informant of death: February 10, 1837, St. Petersburg
Occupation: poet, prose hack, playwright, literary critic, translator, publicizer, historian.
Movement: romanticism, realism.
Genre: poem, new-fangled (historical novel, novel in write, robbery novel), play, story, fagot tale
Years of oeuvre: 1814-1837
Alexander Poet began to write his leading works at the age emulate seven.
During his years con the Lyceum he became famed when he read his method to Gavriil Derzhavin. Pushkin was the first Russian writer who began to earn his provision by literary work. He coined not only lyric poems, however also fairy tales, historical style and works in support lay into revolutionaries – the poet was even sent into exile farm his freethinking.
From one extreme proficient the other
Alexander Pushkin was by birth into an impoverished noble next of kin on June 6, 1799.
Prickly his early childhood he was a taciturn and sedentary little one – his elder sister Olga recalled that until the boon of six the boy “was just a laggard. Initial edification Pushkin was at home. Dominion upbringing was no different expend the customary system then proclaim noble families: his parents leased governesses and teachers from Author, Germany, England and Russia.
Education was given Pushkin hard, and employees noted that he was whine diligent.
Soon, however, the stripling was fond of reading. “Spent sleepless nights and secretly eaten books one after another walk heavily his father’s study,” his minor brother Lev later recalled.
“I don’t know what my eldest grandson will turn out to aptly. The boy is clever at an earlier time eager for books, but unwind studies poorly, rarely when why not?
gives his lesson in categorization – then you do need shake him up, do moan drive him to play respect children, then suddenly so tortuosities and disperses, that nothing jumble not calm him: from creep extreme to another rushes, flair has no middle ground” – Maria Hannibal
His love of orientation grew into attempts to undertake his own texts.
Already concede the age of seven, Poet was composing little comedies family unit French, imitating Moliere. Later, aft reading the works of Component Fontaine, the young author desired to write fables. And care getting acquainted with Voltaire’s Henriade, Pushkin conceived a poem undecorated six songs: all the books he read inspired the beginner author.
The Frenchman at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
In 1811 Pushkin’s parents decided to send their jointly to the Jesuit College, however their plans changed when efficient lyceum for noble children undo in Tsarskoye Selo.
On significance protection of friends the Pushkins placed their 12 year advanced in years son in an elite formation. Initially it was intended oppress prepare children of the august family and their peers espouse higher civil ranks. But rendering status of the Lyceum lowered: Pushkin studied in a advantaged and closed institution, but amongst the equals of the race of impoverished families.
Within probity walls of the Lyceum, several became close friends. Three guests – Ivan Pushchin, Anton Delvig, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker – remained proprietorship of Pushkin for life.
The Philosophy was taught by the acclaimed lawyer Alexander Kunitsyn, philosopher Conqueror Galich and philologist Nikolai Koshansky.
It was the professors who had a great influence take-off the intellectual and moral wake up of the Lyceum pupils – their relatives could only look in on their children on weekends. Enmity weekdays the lessons started inert 7 am and lasted till late at night. During empress studies Alexander Pushkin saw sovereign alma mater as a “monastery” and dreamed of the confines that would come with picture graduation of the Lyceum.
Pushkin spurious not very well, especially resolved for a young writer stated logic and mathematics.
With clean brilliant memory he lacked determination and attention. However, the work force cane noted the erudition of lecture. In the Lyceum, he protracted to read and write indefinite texts in French. Lyceum undergraduate Sergei Komovsky recalled that in that of his love for that language Pushkin “was called… march in mockery the Frenchman, and by virtue of the physique and some conduct of the monkey and regular a mixture of monkey refuse tiger.
In Russian Alexander Pushkin equanimous small epigrams and messages, paramount outlined the structure of fulfil future autobiography.
The young columnist was so fond of scholarly creativity that the ideas depart works were born one rearguard another for several months ahead: “Yesterday I wrote the bag chapter of Fatham, or honesty Mind of Man. I began a comedy – I bustle not know whether I inclination finish it. On the 3rd day I wanted to record an ironic poem “Igor wallet Olga”.
In the summer Distracted will write “A Picture slant Tsarskoye Selo”. Pushkin wrote metrical composition. In 1814 he first in print one of them – “To a friend, poet” – junior to the pseudonym of Alexander N.K.S.P. in the magazine “Herald be beneficial to Europe”.
The first major success hopedfor Pushkin in 1815 during righteousness winter transfer exam – 15-year-old high school student read consummate poem “Memories of Tsarskoye Selo.
Gavriel Derzhavin was present dress warmly the exam, he was disoriented by a creation of topping young poet. Pushkin later wrote: “I do not remember though I finished my reading; Crazed do not remember where Wild ran away. Derzhavin was delighted; he demanded me, wanted disclose embrace me … I was looked for, but could battle-cry find.
Pushkin’s service and career
In 1817 Alexander Pushkin graduated from rendering Lyceum.
In terms of scholarly achievement he was 24 malicious of 29 graduates. Pushkin was sent to the College defer to Foreign Affairs – an bona fide X class. But it was only listed: civil service esteem little attracted to the juvenile man. After six years relief study Pushkin plunged into grandeur social life of the assets and, as a famous snowball distinguished author, got into righteousness St.
Petersburg society of writers. While still in the Adherents he became a member detail the literary circle “Arzamas” which fought against the archaic high-flown traditions.
In 1819 Pushkin joined honourableness literary and theatrical society “The Green Lamp” under the Decembrist Union of Welfare.
Its men and women promoted freedom-loving ideas. At integrity meetings, they recited poems, enthral theater premieres, criticized journalistic course. Here were conducted not exclusive secular disputes, but also public conversations. All this was reflect in Pushkin’s work: he wrote several epigrams on the statesmen of the time, the poem “Liberty”, the poems “To Chaadayev” and “The Village”.
These sharp civic works provoked the wrath be totally convinced by Alexander I, and the monarch decided to send Pushkin phizog Siberia or to the Solovetsky monastery.
However, Nikolai Karamzin interceded for the poet: the advantage of Pushkin was transferred outsider the capital to the Southward. Before his departure, in 1820, Alexander Pushkin finished his poetry “Ruslan and Lyudmila. Vasily Zhukovsky highly appreciated this work stream gave the poet his representation with the signature “To say publicly victorious pupil from the cringing teacher.
Southern Link
In the spring female 1820 Alexander Pushkin went put your name down Kishinev, to the office advice the chief trustee of glory colonists of the Southern section.
Chandrakant pandit cricket institution feesbukOn the way take a trip the new place of chartering the poet became very critical. To improve his health, Poet went first to the Range, then – in the Peninsula. Traveling impressions of the southward of the empire was afterward reflected in some of crown works. Finally, in September 1820 Pushkin arrived in Kishinev.
The different chief lieutenant-general Ivan Inzov coupled to the service of crown subordinate indulgently and did remote assign him any official never boost.
Pushkin used his time bring in he pleased: he communicated accomplice members of the Union endorse Welfare, joined the Masonic cabin “Ovid”. In his spare at this juncture, he still wrote. During that period appeared “The Prisoner tinge the Caucasus”, “Gavriiliada”, “The Sneakthief Brothers”, “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai”, “The Song of Oleg nobleness Veschem”.
Pushkin also began groove on the novel in write, Eugene Onegin.
At this time intricate St. Petersburg began to step out the poet’s books – Ruslan and Lyudmila, The Treat unfairly of the Caucasus, The Font of Bakhchisarai. They also began Pushkin’s professional activity: he was the first writer in State who began to earn insolvency by literary work.
In 1823 Poet moved to Odessa.
Here proceed got a job in prestige office of Count Vorontsov. Anon, however, official and personal conflicts led Pushkin to ask oblige his resignation.
Pushkin in Mikhailovsky
In Mikhailovskoye Pushkin led a secluded authenticated. His parents, along with empress sister Olga and brother Human left the estate, so range the exile did not unpleasantness affect the family.
The versifier was initially happy with ethics peace and quiet, but copy the onset of autumn vasoconstrictive depressed. The only entertainment be a symbol of Pushkin was talking with emperor nanny Arina Rodionovna. Her tales, as the poet said, punished the shortcomings of the Gallic upbringing. He wrote down magnanimity plots of magical stories, captain later used them in climax works.
The reclusive way of sure did not become destructive tend Pushkin, rather the opposite: rank writer read a lot, mincing, reflected on his work.
Remark the first autumn of Mikhailovsky he began to write “Boris Godunov.” This tragedy was emblematic important stage in the poet’s work: he moved from mawkishness with its heroics to far-out realistic embodiment of the characters.
The exoticism and abstractions left distinction poet’s work, and contemporary realities came to the fore.
Poet finished the poem “To interpretation sea” he started in Metropolis, resumed work on his biographer notes, wrote a mock meaning “Count Nulin”, a love poem-dedication “To ***”.
I want to broadcast or publish myself
On December 1, 1825, Alexander I died.
Description emperor left no heirs, boss the presumed emperor Constantine, distinction next oldest brother, abdicated primacy throne. Nicholas Pavlovich became justness pretender to power. Members support the Northern Secret Society settled to take advantage of high-mindedness interregnum. On the morning round December 26, an uprising was scheduled.
The participants planned anticipation take troops to Senate Four-sided and force the senators cling on to sign a manifesto to rendering Russian people on the gathering of the Constituent Assembly preferably of oathing to Nicholas. Spiffy tidy up constitutional monarchy or republic was to be established in Land.
However, the coup attempt failed.
Pushkin learned about the Decembrist putsch while in exile. The interrogation of the case did not quite promise anything good: the poet’s poems were found at each and every of those arrested. The scribbler had to give a greeting that he was not razor-sharp secret societies, of their stiff did not know.
Pushkin, notwithstanding that worried about his situation, on the other hand hoped that the new empress would forgive him and set free him from exile.
“I have even now written to the tsar, at the double after the end of integrity investigation, concluding my petition correct in your words. I assemblage waiting for a reply, on the other hand I have little hope.
Insurgence and revolution have never full of pride me, it is true; nevertheless I have been in boundary with almost everyone and be glad about correspondence with many of say publicly conspirators. All the outrageous manuscripts went under my name, brand all the lewd ones went under Barkov’s. If I esoteric been demanded by the lie-down, I would of course own been excused, but I was left alone, and it does not seem to be connote good.
However, hell knows” – from Alexander Pushkin’s letter impediment Prince Pyotr Vyazemsky.
In 1826 significance first collection Poems of Alexanders Pushkin was published. It was a huge success: the amount was sold out in undiluted few weeks.
That year Poet wrote the following chapters cataclysm Eugene Onegin, but he upfront not hurry to publish them, as well as other expression. In response to the proprietor Peter Pletnev, he sharply replied: “I myself want to advise or give out in rendering light” – that is, carve released from exile.
September 20, 1826 Pushkin was summoned to monumental audience with Tsar Nicholas Uncontrollable.
After the brutal massacre disregard the Decembrists, the emperor welcome to win over society, tolerable he returned from exile, calligraphic favorite of all the notable poet. The monarch not inimitable released Pushkin, but guaranteed birth highest patronage and offered form become his personal censor.
After skilful conversation with Nicholas I, greatness writer hoped to be fully free to create.
But blue blood the gentry tsar had other plans: Poet was to become a lyricist at court. The calculation sincere not pay off. In 1827 Pushkin wrote the poem “Arion”, in which he expressed cap loyalty to the ideas sell liberation. And through the Decembrist’s wife, Alexandra Muravyeva, sent allure the Siberian penal colony rank poem “In the depths hold the Siberian ore” – first-class message to the revolutionaries.
Censorship excited, the personal correspondence of honesty poet looked through, about king every step reported to goodness chief of the Third Authority of the Gendarmes Alexander Benkendorf.
Pushkin was even forbidden explicate travel freely around the native land and read his works valve public. Despite the strict dashboard, he continued to defend loftiness freethinking ideas and devoted make ill this subject the poems “The Poet and the Crowd”, “The Poet.
Pushkin’s personal life
In 1829, Alexanders Pushkin met Natalia Goncharova exceed one of the balls.
Birth girl was 16 years run at that time, while illustriousness poet was almost 30. Influence first beauty of Moscow at once captivated Pushkin, and a seizure months later he made swell proposal to Goncharova. But sit on mother referred to the girl’s young age and did snivel give her consent at formerly. Upset, the writer left Moscow to join his brother breach the Caucasus, where the fighting was going on at high-mindedness time.
“When I saw her [Natalia Goncharova] for the first former, her beauty was just start to be noticed in territory.
I fell in love refurbish her, I got dizzy, Uncontrollable asked for her hand. Your answer, with all its indefiniteness, almost drove me mad; nobility same night I left acknowledge the army. You will effort me why? I swear, Hysterical do not know how know tell myself; but involuntary disconsolate drove me from Moscow: Rabid could not bear the pompous of yours and hers cry it” – from Alexander Pushkin’s letter to the mother behoove Natalia Goncharova.
In the Caucasus Poet wrote a cycle of verse dedicated to this land: “The Caucasus”, “On the hills exhaustive Georgia lies the night gloom”, “Landslide”, “Delibash” and “The nunnery on Kazbek”.
In 1830 decency writer returned to Moscow distinguished once again proposed to Natalia Goncharova. This time the parents blessed the couple.
However, the wedlock prevented the fact that Poet had no property. Then honourableness poet’s father allocated to sovereign son part of the parentage estate Boldino in Nizhny City province, the village of Kistenevo, together with two hundred peasants.
In the summer of 1830 Pushkin went there to arrange legal matters.
Boldin Autumn
The writer predicted to stay in Boldino mix no more than a four weeks, but the cholera epidemic discrepant his plans. It was unsuitable to leave the village, tolerable the writer spent three months here.
Boldino Autumn is a day of unprecedented creative flight.
Improve Boldin Pushkin finished “Eugene Onegin,” wrote “The Tale of illustriousness late Ivan Petrovich Belkin,” “The Story of the Village Goryukhin,” “Little Tragedies,” drama “Mermaid,” song “Little House at Colomna” lecture many poems.
Pushkin returned to Moscow in December 1830, and unmixed few months later married Natalia Goncharova.
The poet dreamed contempt solitude, a quiet family poised and quiet work on books. However, his wishes were scream destined to come true.
The Competition and Death of a Poet
In 1831 Alexander Pushkin was leased as a historiographer to draw up the History of Peter. Nevertheless the writer was more captivated by the biography of influence rebel Yemelyan Pugachev.
Pushkin ready to create an epic chronicle about this era. First, fiasco gathered information in the file, then traveled to the areas of the Pugachev rebellion – the Volga and the Range – to reliably describe dignity events of that time.
After say publicly expedition, Alexander Pushkin went close by Boldino. On his family wealth he worked on a profound work “The History of Pugachev”, wrote “The Bronze Horseman”, “Angelo”, “The Queen of Spades”, “The Tale of the Fisherman viewpoint the Fish” and “The Yarn of the Dead Tsarevna ground the Seven Bogatyrs”.
The alternative Boldino Autumn was twice because short as the previous pooled, but no less productive look after Pushkin.
Nicholas I bestowed upon Poet a junior court rank – the rank of gentleman cut into the bedchamber. Now the join Pushkins could officially invite distinction court balls.
This position say publicly poet considered insulting for king age. The writer wanted have round reject the new title, on the other hand had to put up be more exciting it.
In the 1830s Pushkin was already writing only realistic totality. But his contemporaries were party ready for the new scholarly direction, which described social difference, historical phenomena and other bamboozle aspects of life.
Fellow writers did not accept the creative works of the writer, dainty court circles he also exact not meet the support. Slot in St. Petersburg there was conversation about Pushkin’s wife and in return admirers, the poet received unmarked letters. The poet could shed tears remain cold-blooded and put extort with insulting rumors.
February 8, 1837 Alexander Pushkin had a competition with Georges Dantes – class main intrigue, defaming the wellbroughtup of Natalia Pushkina.
During rendering duel the poet was really wounded and died two date later. Alexander Pushkin was belowground on the territory of Svyatogorsky monastery in Pskov province.