Guillaume duchenne biography definition

French neurologist (1806–1875)

Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne) (September 17, 1806, in Boulogne-sur-Mer – Sept 15, 1875, in Paris) was a French neurologist who revitalized Luigi Galvani's research and gravely advanced the science of electrophysiology.

The era of modern medicine developed from Duchenne's understanding oppress neural pathways and his rebel innovations including deep tissue biopsy, nerve conduction tests (NCS), last clinical photography. This extraordinary faculty of activities (mostly in justness Salpêtrière) was achieved against greatness background of a troubled one-off life and a generally unscathed medical and scientific establishment.

Neurology did not exist in Author before Duchenne and although several medical historians regard Jean-Martin Neurologist as the father of rectitude discipline, Charcot owed much close to Duchenne, often acknowledging him makeover "mon maître en neurologie" (my master in neurology).^[1][2][3][4] The Dweller neurologist Joseph Collins (1866–1950) wrote that Duchenne found neurology "a sprawling infant of unknown extraction which he succored to graceful lusty youth."^[5] His greatest tolerance were made in the myopathies that came to immortalize queen name, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne-Erb also genuflexion, Duchenne's disease (Tabes dorsalis), limit Duchenne's paralysis (progressive bulbar palsy).

He was the first clinician to practise muscle biopsy, debate an invention he called "l'emporte-pièce" (Duchenne's trocar).^[6] In 1855, forbidden formalized the diagnostic principles unknot electrophysiology and introduced electrotherapy notes a textbook titled De l'electrisation localisée et de son demand à la physiologie, à deject pathologie et à la thérapeutique.^[7] A companion atlas to that work, the Album de photographies pathologiques, was the first medicine text illustrated by photographs.

Duchenne's monograph, the Mécanisme de intend physionomie humaine – also vivid prominently by his photographs – was the first study reworking the physiology of emotion status was highly influential on Darwin's work on human evolution bear emotional expression.^[3]

Biography

Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne descended escape a long line of mariners who had settled in rank Boulogne-sur-Mer region of France.

Prize open opposition to his father's pleasure that he become a seafarer, and driven by a attraction with science, Duchenne enrolled drum the University of Douai spin he received his Baccalauréat combat the age of 19.^[8] Grace then trained under a numeral of distinguished Paris physicians as well as René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826) and Captain of industry Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835) before repeated to Boulogne and setting ask on somebody's behalf in practice there.

Duchenne marital a local woman, and, succeeding the birth of their boy, his wife died. This resulted in a lengthy period shop personal difficulties for Duchenne give up his family and in precise prolonged estrangement from his contention (who later followed Duchenne experience medical practice) and they were only reunited towards the follow of his life.

In 1835, Duchenne began experimenting with therapeutical "électropuncture" (a technique recently fake by François Magendie and Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière by which electric eye-opener was administered beneath the leather with sharp electrodes to encourage the muscles). After a miniature second marriage, Duchenne returned border on Paris in 1842 in draw to a close to continue his medical investigation.

Here, he did not puzzle out a senior hospital appointment, on the other hand supported himself with a at a low level private medical practice, while everyday visiting a number of individual instruction hospitals, including the Salpêtrière mental centre. He developed a non-invasive technique of muscle stimulation go used faradic shock on justness surface of the skin, which he called "électrisation localisée" explode he published these experiments snare his work, On Localized Electrization and its Application to Pathology and Therapy, first published engross 1855.^[7] A pictorial supplement withstand the second edition, Album confiscate Pathological Photographs (Album de Photographies Pathologiques) was published in 1862.

A few months later, nobleness first edition of his at once much-discussed work, The Mechanism longed-for Human Physiognomy,^[9] was published. Were it not for this little, but remarkable, work, his early payment publication, the result of essentially 20 years of study, Duchenne's Physiology of Movements,^[10] his overbearing important contribution to medical technique, might well have gone unseen.

Despite his unorthodox procedures, endure his often uneasy relations junk the senior medical staff colleague whom he worked, Duchenne's wholeheartedness addres obtained him an international perception as a neurologist and examiner. He is counted as ambush of the developers of electro-physiology and electro-therapeutics, and he besides showed that smiles resulting dismiss true happiness not only utilise the muscles of the gag but also those of distinction eyes: such "genuine" smiles designing known as Duchenne smiles see the point of his honor.

He is very credited with the discovery disbursement Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne boring in 1875, after several length of existence of illness. He was at no time elected to the French Establishment of Sciences nor did earth belong to a French university.^[11]

The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression

Influenced by the fashionable beliefs recompense physiognomy of the 19th hundred, Duchenne wanted to determine fair the muscles in the soul in person bodily face produce facial expressions which he believed to be discursively linked to the soul clamour man.

He is known, skull particular, for the way blooper triggered muscular contractions with strength probes, recording the resulting unornamented and often grotesque expressions partner the recently invented camera. Proceed published his findings in 1862, together with extraordinary photographs personage the induced expressions, in righteousness book Mecanisme de la physionomie Humaine (The Mechanism of Hominid Facial Expression, also known reorganization The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy).

Duchenne believed that the soul in person bodily face was a kind indifference map, the features of which could be codified into general taxonomies of mental states; good taste was convinced that the expressions of the human face were a gateway to the feelings of man. Unlike Lavater perch other physiognomists of the harvest, Duchenne was skeptical of grandeur face's ability to express extreme character; rather he was free from doubt that it was through ingenious reading of the expressions get out of (known as pathognomy) which could reveal an "accurate rendering submit the soul's emotions".^[12] He deemed that he could observe forward capture an "idealized naturalism" school in a similar (and even improved) way to that observed smile Greek art.

It is these notions that he sought without even trying and scientifically to chart descendant his experiments and photography post it led to the business of The Mechanism of Oneself Physiognomy in 1862^[13] (also ruling, The Electro-Physiological Analysis of goodness Expression of the Passions, Defensible to the Practice of probity Plastic Arts.

in French: Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, unwholesome Analyse électro-physiologique de l'expression nonsteroid passions applicable à la pratique des arts plastiques), now for the most part rendered as The Mechanism persuade somebody to buy Human Facial Expression. The occupation compromises a volume of contents divided into three parts:

1. General Considerations,
2. A Scientific Section, and
3. An Creative Section.

These sections were accompanied past as a consequence o an atlas of photographic plates.

Believing that he was into a God-given language of facial signs, Duchenne writes:

In blue blood the gentry face our creator was whoop concerned with mechanical necessity. Do something was able in his circumspection or – please pardon that manner of speaking – etch pursuing a divine fantasy … to put any particular power into action, one alone omission several muscles together, when Yes wished the characteristic signs flaxen the emotions, even the overbearing fleeting, to be written tersely on man's face.

Once that language of facial expression was created, it sufficed for Him to give all human beings the instinctive faculty of in all cases expressing their sentiments by getting the same muscles. This rendered the language universal and immutable.^[14]

Duchenne defines the fundamental expressive gestures of the human face bracket associates each with a muscular facial muscle or muscle company.

He identifies thirteen primary center the expression of which not bad controlled by one or digit muscles. He also isolates rank precise contractions that result edict each expression and separates them into two categories: partial brook combined. To stimulate the facial muscles and capture these "idealized" expressions of his patients, Duchenne applied faradic shock through beside oneself metal probes pressed upon probity surface of the various brawniness of the face.

Duchenne was convinced that the truth forfeit his pathognomic experiments could be effectively rendered by film making, the subject's expressions being besides fleeting to be drawn keep painted. "Only photography," he writes, "as truthful as a reflector, could attain such desirable perfection."^[15] He worked with a masterful, young photographer, Adrien Tournachon, (the brother of Felix Nadar), contemporary also taught himself the crumble in order to document coronate experiments.^[16] From an art-historical synchronize of view, the Mechanism realize Human Physiognomy was the foremost publication on the expression clutch human emotions to be explicit with actual photographs.

Photography difficult only recently been invented, most important there was a widespread concept that this was a standard that could capture the precision of any situation in spick way that other mediums were unable to do.

Duchenne lax six living models in authority scientific section, all but of a nature of whom were his patients.

His primary model, however, was an "old toothless man, appear a thin face, whose characteristics, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality."^[17] Through his experiments, Duchenne sought to capture righteousness very "conditions that aesthetically assemble beauty."^[18] He reiterated this creepycrawly the aesthetic section of class book where he spoke type his desire to portray excellence "conditions of beauty: beauty honor form associated with the accuracy of the facial expression, set up and gesture."^[19] Duchenne referred solve these facial expressions as illustriousness "gymnastics of the soul".

Purify replied to criticisms of crown use of the old gentleman by arguing that "every prejudice could become spiritually beautiful right through the accurate rendering of coronet or her emotions",^[19] and besides said that because the stoical was suffering from an drug condition of the face, recognized could experiment upon the beefiness of his face without initiating him pain.

Aesthetics and say publicly narrative setting

Whereas the scientific part was intended to exhibit loftiness expressive lines of the slender and the "truth of prestige expression," the aesthetic section was intended also to demonstrate go wool-gathering the "gesture and the saloon together contribute to the expression; the trunk and the bound must be photographed with tempt much care as the cope with so as to form make illegal harmonious whole."^[20] For these plates Duchenne used a partially careless young woman who he alleged "had become accustomed to primacy unpleasant sensation of this manipulation …".^[21] As in many snatch the plates for the orderly section, this model was extremely stimulated faradically to provoke topping different expression on either misfortune of her face.

Duchenne welladvised that looking at both sides of the face simultaneously would reveal only a "mere grimace" and he urged the manual to examine each side individually and with care.

Duchenne's experiments for the aesthetic section register the Mechanism included the regarding of performance and narratives which may well have been counterfeit by gestures and poses establish in the pantomime of authority period.

He believed that unique by electroshock and in blue blood the gentry setting of elaborately constructed thespian pieces featuring gestures and bells symbols could he faithfully render the complex combinatory expressions derivative from conflicting emotions and irresolute sentiments. These melodramatic tableaux cover a nun in "extremely resentful prayer" experiencing "saintly transports handle virginal purity"; a mother perceive both pain and joy extensively leaning over a child's crib; a bare-shouldered coquette looking disdain once offended, haughty and mocking; and three scenes from Dame Macbeth expressing the "aggressive meticulous wicked passions of hatred, very last jealousy, of cruel instincts," quantified to varying degrees of cross-grained feelings of filial piety.^[22] That theatre of pathognomic effect dominates the aesthetic section of nobleness Mecanisme.

Beauty and truth

To aid him locate and identify representation facial muscles, Duchenne drew roundly upon the work of Physicist Bell, who had included lunatic patients in his studies. Duchenne may have avoided photographing honourableness "passions" of the insane thanks to of technical problems at dignity time; however, it is explain likely that he did inexpressive for aesthetic reasons – mosey he did not regard picture expressions of the insane trade in socially acceptable.

Charles Bell's circulars also showed an instinctive disgust for the mentally ill.

The exact imitation of nature was for Duchenne the sine qua non of the finest guarantee of whatever age, and despite the fact that he praised the ancient Hellenic sculptors for unquestionably attaining evocation ideal of beauty, he notwithstanding criticized them for their morphology errors and failure to serve to the emotions.

Thus mass the end of the precise section, for instance, Duchenne "corrects" the expressions of three thoroughly revered classic Greek or Authoritative antiquities: In no manner, argues Duchenne, do any of these countenances conform to nature although revealed by his electrophysiological analysis. He even questions the Grecian artist Praxiteles's accuracy in sculpting the Niobe:

Would Niobe scheme been less beautiful if influence dreadful emotion of her mind had bulged the head depose her oblique eyebrow as features does, and if a infrequent lines of sorrow had puckered the median section of break through forehead?

On the contrary, ruin is more moving and elegant than such an expression prepare pain on a young brow, which is usually so serene.^[23]

Duchenne's influence

Darwin'sThe Expression of the Interior in Man and Animals bound, in part, as a defence of Sir Charles Bell's theologically doctrinaire physiognomy, was published subordinate 1872.

This book elaborated try out Darwin's theory of evolution moisten natural selection and concentrated jump the genetic aspects of oneself behaviour. Darwin's text carried illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, spell Darwin and Duchenne corresponded for a short time. It is noteworthy, also, go Darwin lent his copy illustrate Duchenne's book to the Nation psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne in 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to enjoy mislaid the book for uncluttered year or so (in interpretation West Riding lunatic asylum essential Wakefield, Yorkshire - see integrity Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter 7220) and that - in 1872 - Crichton-Browne invited Sir Painter Ferrier to his asylum region to undertake experiments involving authority electrical stimulation of motor centres in the brain.

Duchenne's principal famous student was Jean-Martin Neurologist, who became director of class insane asylum at the Salpêtrière in 1862. He adopted Duchenne's procedure of photographic experiments stand for also believed that it was possible to attain the genuineness through direct observation. He uniform named an examination room tiny the asylum after his guru.

Like Duchenne, Charcot sought clutch chart the gestures and expressions of his patients, believing them to be subject to obvious, mechanistic laws. However, unlike Duchenne, who restricted his experiments outline the realm of the in control of yourself, Charcot was interested almost principally in photographing the expressions disregard traumatized patients - the "hysterics".

He is also known perform enabling the public to eyewitness these emotional displays by institution his renowned weekly "theatre illustrate the passions" for the in vogue society of the day draw attention to witness the expressions of probity insane. This provided much design for popular culture, including influence Grand Guignol theatre which release in 1897, and to which Alfred Binet made numerous contributions.^[24]Sigmund Freud, who attended Charcot's clinical demonstrations in 1885, laid coarsen the foundations of his life's work, psychoanalysis, with a thoughtful deconstruction of Charcot's neurological lectures on hypnosis and hysteria.

In 1981, a modern audience was exposed to Duchenne's The Machinery of Human Physiognomy when interpretation book and its photographs were revealed - alongside illustrations show phrenology and evolutionary theory - on screen in the pelt version of John Fowles's contemporary, The French Lieutenant's Woman. Thither, the protagonist, Charles Smithson, keen young scientist, who "like greatest men of his time, was still faintly under the authority of the Lavater's Physiognomy,"^[25] laboratory analysis intent on interpreting an disturbed woman's true character from breather expressions.

Perhaps we can outstrip understand Duchenne's contribution to hub and science by Robert Sobieszek's concluding words to his inclusive chapter on Duchenne, in potentate book Ghost in the Shell^[26] where he writes:

Duchenne's at the end legacy may be that prohibited set the stage, as department store were, for Charcot's visual performing arts of the passions and characterized the essential dramaturgy of edge your way the visual theaters, both systematic and artistic, that have on account of been conceived in the demo to picture our psyches.

… In the end, Duchenne's Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine submit the photographic stills from secure experimental theater of electroshock excitations established the modern field labour which the struggle to outline and thus discern the ever-elusive meanings of our coded grimace continues even now to have on waged.^[27]

Eponymous diseases

Works

References

Further reading

External links

• [1] FILM/TV/Director: Documentary DUCHENNE DE BOULOGNE Unhygienic L'ANATOMIE DES PASSIONS by Stop Blezinger 1999, 26min
• Artifacial Expression Virgin artist working on Electro-Facial Choreography.
• Electro-Physiognomy an 1870 book review introduce Duchenne's monograph, Mécanisme de aspire Physionomie Humaine..&c.